Product labelling: going 2D for greater transparency

Product labelling has long been used as an avenue for brands to highlight commitment to corporate social responsibility and demonstrate to retailers and consumers that they meet required ethical standards. 

The advent of the global FAIRTRADE certification and label in the 1990s is perhaps the most prominent, though by no means the only, example of this. 

Today, consumers are increasingly looking at product packaging to find information about ethical and eco-credentials. Indeed, with an ever-increasing global focus on sustainability, many companies are now exploring new product labelling initiatives which focus specifically on a product’s environmental footprint. However, concerns have been raised that static labelling schemes may offer consumers only part of the picture.

In recent years, businesses have come under ever-increasing pressure to demonstrate their commitment to sustainability and the onus is on brands to demonstrate how they are making a difference.

Increasingly, brands in these sectors are looking to their product labelling to demonstrate their eco-credentials. For some, this means adopting new eco-conscious labelling initiatives such as the EU Ecolabel or Foundation Earth‘s traffic light labels, which rank the environmental impact of items. 

In addition, some brands are choosing to present their own ‘eco scores’ with labelling that demonstrates a product’s total carbon or water footprint. Many large vegan and vegetarian food and drink brands – including Quorn, Oatly, and THIS – now include carbon footprint information as standard, and several global multinational corporations, including Unilever and Nestlé, have voiced ambitions to introduce the same. 

Greenwashing 

The rise in sustainability labelling initiatives could be seen as an indication of positive change. However, it has been suggested that some sustainability claims may not tell the whole story. For example, a carbon footprint label only tells the consumer about greenhouse gas emissions but omits overall land or water usage. Equally, while logos can be displayed on food packaging to highlight that meat or vegetables are locally sourced, this doesn’t guarantee that the supply chain is the most sustainable choice. Indeed, when grown out of season, locally grown vegetables may be less sustainable than imported alternatives. 

So, is there agreement as to what ‘sustainable’ actually means? The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN) states that sustainable diets are ‘protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems, culturally acceptable, accessible, economically fair and affordable; nutritionally adequate, safe and healthy, while optimising natural and human resources’. 

Considering all these factors and the subsequent sheer volume of data that comprises sustainability, many existing, static labelling options will fall short of providing the much-needed assurance of a product’s provenance.

Indeed, the accuracy of information presented to consumers has come under scrutiny in recent years amidst concerns over greenwashing. In 2021, the UK’s Competition & Markets Authority (CMA) published a Green Claims Code aimed at protecting consumers from misleading environmental claims, which could introduce penalties for organisations that are found to be making misleading ‘green’ claims. 

Variable 2D codes (e.g., Data Matrix and QR codes), specific to a product’s batch level, could help to provide brands with a solution to overcoming the complexities of sustainability labelling. Consumers and supply chain partners could use these scannable codes to source granular information about products and packaging.

While the ingredients within a product are unlikely to change from batch to batch, the source is likely to vary, being susceptible to supply chain fluctuations and the seasonal availability of ingredients. Brands already collect such batch-level information, but it may not be present on product packaging due to complexities in changing label designs between batches and limited on-pack space. 

When the source of product ingredients is variable, 2D codes can facilitate the appropriate sharing of this information. For example, for products containing meat and dairy, a batch-level 2D code could provide information about the farm where livestock was raised, and farming methods used to back up claims such as ‘free-range’ or ‘organic’. This could be taken a step further to provide more granular information about specific batches of raw produce, potentially even homing in on data on individual animals.

By comparison, without a variable data label, brands will inevitably have to display metrics that reflect a worst-case scenario. Take, for example, a packaged food company with suppliers that change based on seasonal availability – certain ingredients will be less polluting at times when they are in season and can be sourced locally, but product labels will need to reflect the times when embedded emissions are at their highest. The only other alternative would be to change the entire product label between varying batches – which would come at a significant cost. 

Across the globe, new initiatives are already emerging that aim to bring more transparency to consumers via 2D codes. In the US, for example, the SmartLabel initiative provides scannable QR codes linked to a searchable database that consumers can use to find detailed information about specific ingredients within products. Internationally, the GS1 Digital Link Standard facilitates this capability, allowing brands to include designated sustainability information at the batch or product level within a GS1 Digital Link barcode. 

Utilising batch-level 2D codes allows brands to provide more granular information to consumers and benefits brands by providing more transparency within the supply chain. This increased visibility can deliver the insights needed to run supply chains more efficiently. Variable 2D codes are the key to effective data exchange within supply chains, allowing information to be shared from each step of a product’s lifecycle, from the initial raw material supply to retail sales data. 

The same 2D code can also be used to communicate any extra information that might not fit onto a product label, including essential marketing information and campaigns – facilitating deeper customer engagement and longer-term brand loyalty. Brands can provide access to sustainability commitments and policies, or personalised experiences, such as location-specific recycling advice, allowing consumers to check whether packaging is accepted via household kerbside recycling, or locate their nearest recycling point. 

Static product labels and environmental ‘eco’ certifications alone cannot meet a modern-day eco-conscious consumer’s ever-changing and increasing information demands. This new breed of discerning consumer requires more. 

Variable 2D codes allow the sharing of more granular, transparent information about products, enabling brands to demonstrate the true scope of their sustainability commitments while also providing access to the information needed to run supply chains more efficiently. 

As demands for data sharing from consumers, governments, and regulators increase, the importance of batch-level 2D coding will become only more apparent. For those not yet exploring the benefits of variable data coding, the time to act is now.